History Of Subcontinent From 712 To 1857 Pdf Downloadl
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History Of Subcontinent From 712 To 1857: A Brief Overview
The history of the subcontinent from 712 to 1857 is a fascinating and complex one, involving various dynasties, cultures, religions and events that shaped the region and its people. In this article, we will provide a brief overview of some of the major developments and milestones that occurred during this period.
The Advent of Islam
The first Muslim invasion of the subcontinent was led by Muhammad bin Qasim, a general of the Umayyad Caliphate, who conquered Sindh and parts of Punjab in 712 CE. He established Islamic rule and administration in the region, and married his daughter Zubaida to a local ruler. He also introduced Arabic as the official language and promoted trade and commerce with other Muslim lands. His conquest paved the way for further Muslim expansion in the subcontinent in the subsequent centuries[^1^].
The Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate was a series of Muslim dynasties that ruled over most of northern India from 1206 to 1526 CE. The first dynasty was the Mamluk or Slave dynasty, founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Iltutmish, who consolidated the Sultanate and built the Qutb Minar in Delhi. The second dynasty was the Khilji dynasty, founded by Jalal-ud-din Khilji, who expanded the Sultanate to Gujarat, Rajasthan and Deccan. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Alauddin Khilji, who defeated the Mongols several times and built the Alai Darwaza in Delhi. The third dynasty was the Tughlaq dynasty, founded by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, who shifted the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and later back to Delhi. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who introduced various reforms and experiments that proved disastrous for his empire. The fourth dynasty was the Sayyid dynasty, founded by Khizr Khan, a descendant of Timur. The fifth and last dynasty was the Lodi dynasty, founded by Bahlul Lodi, who restored some stability and prosperity to the Sultanate. The last ruler of this dynasty was Ibrahim Lodi, who was defeated and killed by Babur at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE[^2^].
The Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in world history, founded by Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, who invaded India from Central Asia in 1526 CE. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of Panipat and established his rule over northern India. His son Humayun succeeded him but lost his empire to Sher Shah Suri, a Afghan ruler who built the Grand Trunk Road and reformed the administration and currency system. Humayun regained his empire with the help of his wife Hamida Banu Begum and his sister Gulbadan Begum. His son Akbar succeeded him and expanded his empire to cover most of India. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history, who promoted religious tolerance, patronized art and culture, abolished jizya tax on non-Muslims and introduced a new system of revenue collection called zabt. His son Jahangir succeeded him and continued his policies but faced rebellions from his son Khusrau and his wife Nur Jahan. His son Shah Jahan succeeded him and built many monuments such as the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid. He also faced rebellions from his sons Dara Shikoh, Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad. His son Aurangzeb succeeded him after defeating his brothers in a war of succession. He is considered as one of the most controversial rulers in history, who reversed many of Akbar's policies, imposed strict Islamic laws, persecuted non-Muslims and expanded his empire to its greatest extent but also faced many revolts from Sikhs, Marathas, Rajputs and others. His death in 1707 CE marked the beginning of the decline of the M a474f39169